Homework3_Wilson

HW3 - Data Wrangling

This dataset contains raw and corrected rates of primate behavioural innovation, tool use, extractive foraging, social learning and research effort

Citation: The evolution of primate general and cultural intelligence. Reader SM, Hager Y & Laland KN. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2011 366:1017-1027

Variables include: Species name, Taxon, Great Ape (y/n?), Times of recorded observations of: Innovation, Tool use, Extractive foraging, and Social learning.

Data_ReaderHagerLalandPhilTrans2011 <- read_csv("Data_ReaderHagerLalandPhilTrans2011.csv")
View(Data_ReaderHagerLalandPhilTrans2011)
Primate_ToolUse <- Data_ReaderHagerLalandPhilTrans2011
view(Primate_ToolUse)
dim(Primate_ToolUse)

[1] 238  20

#Removed columns that weren't useful to potential research questions
Primate_ToolUse <- Primate_ToolUse[-c(2:4,11:20)]
view(Primate_ToolUse)

#Filter out any entry that has zero observations of innovation
Primate_ToolUse %>%
  filter(Innovation > 0) 

# A tibble: 49 x 7
   Species    Taxon `Great ape` Innovation `Tool use` `Extractive for…
   <chr>      <chr> <chr>            <dbl>      <dbl>            <dbl>
 1 Callimico… Simi… No                   1          0                1
 2 Callithri… Simi… No                   1          0                2
 3 Callithri… Simi… No                   1          0                0
 4 Cebus ape… Simi… No                  39         64               56
 5 Cebus cap… Simi… No                   4          7                3
 6 Cebus oli… Simi… No                   4          3                2
 7 Daubenton… Pros… No                   4          2                6
 8 Gorilla g… Simi… Great ape           25         21               12
 9 Macaca ar… Simi… No                   1          1                1
10 Macaca fa… Simi… No                   7          3                2
# … with 39 more rows, and 1 more variable: Social learning <dbl>

#Graphing:
Primate_ToolUse %>%
  filter(grepl('Papio', Species)) %>%
  ggplot(aes(x=Species, y=Innovation)) +
  geom_point() +
  labs(title = "Number of Observed Innovation by Papio Species", y = "Number of Observations", x = "Species Name") +
  theme_classic()

Primate_ToolUse %>%
  filter(grepl('Macaca', Species)) %>%
  ggplot(aes(x=Species, y=`Social learning`)) +
  geom_point() +
  labs(title = "Number of Observed Social Learning by Macaca Species", y = "Number of Observations", x = "Species Name") +
  theme_bw()

Primate_ToolUse %>%
  filter(grepl('Great', `Great ape`)) %>%
  ggplot(aes(x=Species, y=`Tool use`)) +
  geom_point() +
  labs(title = "Number of Times Tool Use Observed in Great Apes", y = "Number of Observations", x = "Species Name") +
  theme_classic()

Potential Research Questions:

1. Is social learning of tool use an early example of culture? If so, when do we first see social learning present in humans/our human ancestors?

2. Why is tool use more common in the Macaca genus than any other Asian and African monkeys?